The following separation of the main growth forms of pteridophyta is proposed. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The tissues slowly swell up by absorbing water in natural conditions. Pteridophytes general characteristics free online biology. Pteridophytes have little leaves microphyll and large leaves macrophyll. These ferns possess unusual reproductive structures traditionally termed sporocarps. The modern classification of pteridophytes have been suggested by many scientist according to the sporne1975 pteridophytes have been classified into six classes. Pteridophytes provide clues to evolution of roots and leaves 1. A microspore is globose in shape with small pyramidlike apex. Sporocarp in certain pteridophytes the sporangia are produced within specialized structure, the sporocarps e.
Heterosporous sori of both types in the sporocarp and, as with the flowering plants, endosporic. A first checklist of the pteridophytes of togo west africa. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Spores from an exhaustive list of marsileaceous ferns were. Any of numerous vascular plants that reproduce by means of spores rather than seeds, including the ferns and related plants such as horsetails, and. Pteridophytes ferns and lycophytes are freesporing vascular plants that have a life cycle with alternating, freeliving gametophyte and sporophyte phases that are independent at maturity. Thus, these characteristics make them horticulturally important plants.
It is speculated that life began in the oceans, and through millions of years of evolution, life slowly adapted on to dry land. Firstly all the botanists divided the plant kingdom into two large groups cryptogamia and phanerogamia, linnaeus 1754 used the term cryptogams for the first time for those plants which did not possess visible sex organs. The sporocarps are globose to ovoid, hairy when young, and borne in clusters near the base of the submerged leaf. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. The pteridophytes are an economically important group of plants. For most of this time it was restricted to water where it flourished and evolved. Furthermore, in hymenophyllous ferns, the sporophyte is. Seed plants include the angiosperms, the conifers, and a smaller assortment of other plants. In 1880, the cryptogams of the plant kingdom were divided. The european species pilularia globulifera bearing sporocarps. Similar to the life cycle of seed plants, the pteridophytes also involves the alternation of generations in its life cycle. A few pteridophytes are aquatic while still others are. You might be surprised to learn that, in terms of biodiversity, b. A sporocarp is a specialised type of structure found in some ferns whose primary function is the.
Pteridophytes general characteristics general characters of pteridophytes the vascular cryptogams pteridophytes are plants with feather like leaves. Pdf structure and function of spores in the aquatic. Some pteridophytes are aquatic and some are epiphytes. Some of the characters of pteridophytes are as follows.
Pteridophytes are a group of primitive land plants belongs to the cryptogams. Hfecycle, come the group of plants known as pteridophytes, for they share with seed. Spores that are produced by pteridophyta are located in spore box which is known as sporangium. Publication date 1962 topics pteridophyta, botany morphology publisher. In this lesson, well discover the characteristics, classification, and life cycle of the group pteridophyta, which includes plant species like ferns and horsetails. The sporophyte is the conspicuous and familiar plant body. In floating leaflets the stomata are present on the upper epidermis but in case of plants growing in mud or moist soil where the leaves are aerial, the stomata are present both on upper as well as lower epidermis.
It is now generally believed and accepted that life has existed on earth for over 3000 million years. Types the development of sporangia may be eusporangiate e. On the basis of their anatomy jeffrey in 1902 divided the vascular plants into two types or stocks. The pteridophytes ferns and fern allies pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves known as fronds, roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Leaves that produce spores are called sporophyll and leaves that do not produce spores are called tropophyll. Each of these can be divided into life forms according to a series of morphological and other characters. Jan 23, 2017 sporocarp in certain pteridophytes the sporangia are produced within specialized structure, the sporocarps e. Classification of pteridophytes for a long time the division pteridophyta includedthe ferns, lycopods and horsetails. A few pteridophytes are aquatic while still others are epiphytes. Exploring the utility of three plastid loci for biocoding the filmy ferns hymenophyllaceae of moorea. Pteridophytes of moorea, french polynesia, with a new species tmesipteris gracilis.
They are psilopsida, psilotopsida, lycopsida, sphenopsida, pteropsida and progymnospermopsida. Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. Pteridophyta is the most highly evolved group among the cryptogams. A section through sporocarp shows one kind of sporangia, either microsporangia with many microspores or, megasporangia with a few megaspores. Within the definitions, italics when not names of genera indicate terms that are defined in this glossary. Spore germination occurs after rupture of the sporocarp wall.
Most pteridophytes are terrestrial plants and thrive well in abundant moisture and shade while some flourish well in open, dry situations especially in xeric conditions. A sporocarp is a hard structure and it does not open until two or three years after their formation. The pteridophyta form one of the main divisions of the embryophyta. Useful notes on the classification of pteridophytes. General characteristics of pteridophytes key points easy. A concept based exclusive material pteridophytes, gymnosperms. Near the base of petiole the stalked beanshaped sporocarps are borne. The printed version, however, was effectively published on 6 june 20. Most pteridophytes are terrestrial and grow in moist and shady places while some flourish well in open, dry places especially in xeric conditions.
Pteridophytes may represent the closest living relatives sister group to the seed plants. You may recall that in bryophytes the dominant phase in the life cycle is the gametophytic plant body. This delay is probably due to the imperviousness of the hard sporocarp wall. Pteridophyte definition is any of a division pteridophyta of vascular plants such as a fern that have roots, stems, and leaves but lack flowers or seeds. Mar 08, 2016 the pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandysoil conditions. Pteridophyte definition of pteridophyte by merriamwebster. The present day species are considered to represent only the remains of what was once a far.
In addition, in pteridophytes, the gametophyte is often very thin and can be unistratose, especially at the margins yatskievych, 2003. List of 28 pteridophytes with diagram biology discussion. The term heterosporous is applied to plants in which there are two kinds of nonsexual spores, large and small, called respectively megaspores and microspores. This pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore effectively published melbourne code, art. Muiltiple choice questions of pteridophyta biology boom. Pteridophytes biology encyclopedia plant, body, different. There are about eleven thousand different species of pteridophytes, making them the most diverse land plants after the. The heterosporous ferns develop special organs, the sporocarpsmarsileales fig. The fossil records of pteridophytes show that they were abundant,forming a dominant vegetation of the earths flora, in the palaeozic and devonion age,about 350,000,years ago. Classification of pteridophyta linkedin slideshare. The different species of selaginella are grown as the garden plants. Pdf comparative morphology of reproductive structures in. However, the pteridophytes differ from mosses and seed plants in that both generations are independent and freeliving.
Hence the sporocarp may remain viable for even 50 years. Pteridophyte definition of pteridophyte by the free dictionary. The megaspore and microspore germinate to give rise female and male gametophyte respectively. Pteridophytes 5 glossary of botanical terms used in this volume accepted terms are indicated by boldface. The function of tropophyll is to only photosynthesize. A sporocarp is a specialised type of structure found in some ferns whose primary function is the production and release of spores. They are the vascular plants those having xylem and phloem tissues that reproduce by releasing spores rather than seeds, and they include the highly diverse true ferns and other graceful, primarily forestdwelling plants. Among ferns, sporocarps are found only in the three families of the order salviniales, a group that is both aquatic and heterosporous. The sexuality of pteridophytic gametophytes can be classified as follows. The body of the sporophyte is well differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
Young leaves show circinate vernation like ferns fig. Economic importance of pteridophytes,several ferns such as angiopteris, asplenium, marattia, microsorium, nephrolepis, phymatodes, etc. There is evidence that roots evolved from subterranean portions of stems. Pteridophyta introduction the pteridophyta form one of the main divisions of the embryophyta. Ferns, horsetails often treated as ferns, and lycophytes clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts are all pteridophytes. Pteridophytes pteridophytes is a general term for the vascular, free. They generally live as an understory plant in shaded, moist areas, although their habitat varies considerably. Tree fern growth strategy in the late devonian cladoxylopsid species pietzschia levis from the study of its stem and root system american journal of botany.
Mar 23, 2018 the pteridophytes are an economically important group of plants. As in seed plants, the greatest diversity of pteridophytes is found in the tropics, with only about six hundred species adapted for life in temperate climates. The heterosporous pteridophytes represent the highest stage of development in the second or intermediate series of plants. Pteridophytes plants spore free 30day trial scribd.
The sporangia in some cases, may be produced within specialised structures called the sporocarp fig. Plant kingdom thallophytes algae bryophytes pteridophytes. Pteridophyte definition of pteridophyte by the free. Pteridophytes or pteridophyta, in the broad interpretation of the term, are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores.
And among the first of the plants to truly live on land were the pteridophytes. They are the first evolved plant group with vascular tissue system for the conduction of water and food materials. Life forms of pteridophyta, their origin and evolution. As they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. Pteridophytes introduction, authors and addresses, systematic list, glossary, and key to tribes. However, in pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. Marsileaceae as a sclerenchymatous sporocarp wall and in azolla as a. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length.
One to two sporocarps were removed from herbar ium specimens or greenhouse. All known living and fossil heterosporous plant groups evolved in. This pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore. Their leaves are called fronds, which are highly divided except in a few isolated species.
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